Difference between revisions of "Internet top-level domain"

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Two-letter top-level domains are assigned to countries and dependent teritories by [https://www.icann.org/ ICANN]. Main criteria for ICANN is [http://www.iso.org/ ISO] country codes list, but ICANN and ISO lists differ a little.
 
Two-letter top-level domains are assigned to countries and dependent teritories by [https://www.icann.org/ ICANN]. Main criteria for ICANN is [http://www.iso.org/ ISO] country codes list, but ICANN and ISO lists differ a little.
  
As of 23.07.2017 [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/ ISO list] contains '''249''' officially assigned codes.
+
As of 05.02.2020 [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/ ISO list] contains '''249''' officially assigned codes.
  
As of 9.09.2015 ICANN's [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db IANA Root Zone Database] contains '''255''' two-latin-letters country-code domains, including 249 ISO-assigned codes + '''AC''' (Ascension - while it is part of ''Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha'' territory in SH ISO code), '''AN''' (former Netherlands Antilles, divided into BQ, CW and SX), '''EU''' (European Union), '''SU''' (Soviet Union), '''TP''' (former Portuguese Timor) and '''UK''' (United Kingdom, along with GB for Great Britain).
+
As of 05.02.2020 ICANN's [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db IANA Root Zone Database] contains '''255''' two-latin-letters country-code domains, including 249 ISO-assigned codes + '''AC''' (Ascension - while it is part of ''Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha'' territory in SH ISO code), '''AN''' (former Netherlands Antilles, divided into BQ, CW and SX), '''EU''' (European Union), '''SU''' (Soviet Union), '''TP''' (former Portuguese Timor, renamed to Timor-Leste since independence) and '''UK''' (United Kingdom, along with GB for Great Britain - domain GB is ''Reserved'' and works for only one 2nd-level domain name hmg.gb - stands for 'Her Majesty Government' - with several subdomains but no websites on them).  
  
'''246''' domains are online. Domains '''''BL''''' (Saint Barthélemy), '''''BQ''''' (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), '''''EH''''' (Western Sahara), '''''MF''''' (Saint Martin), '''''SS''''' (South Sudan) and '''''UM''''' (U.S. Minor Outlying Islands) are marked as ''Not assigned''. '''''GB''''' is ''Reserved''. '''''AN''''' and '''''TP''''' marked as ''Retired''.
+
'''248''' domains are online. Domains '''''BL''''' (Saint Barthélemy), '''''BQ''''' (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), '''''EH''''' (Western Sahara), '''''MF''''' (Saint Martin) and '''''UM''''' (U.S. Minor Outlying Islands) are marked as ''Not assigned''. '''''AN''''' and '''''TP''''' marked as ''Retired'' (.tp was deleted from nameservers 26.01.2015; .an deleted in July 2015 or later).
  
 
== ISO codes ==
 
== ISO codes ==
 
+
ISO codes are based on [http://unstats.un.org/ United Nations Statistics Division] list. [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ UNSD Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use list] includes as separate entry Sark island (since 2011).
ISO codes are based on [http://unstats.un.org/ United Nations Statistics Division] list. [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm UNSD list] includes as separate entries Sark island (since 2011) and Channel Islands.
 
  
 
12 ISO codes are exceptionally reserved at requests of countries and organisations:
 
12 ISO codes are exceptionally reserved at requests of countries and organisations:
  AC Ascension Island
+
  AC Ascension Island             Exceptionally reserved at the request of Universal Postal Union (UPU)
  CP Clipperton Island
+
  CP Clipperton Island           Exceptionally reserved at the request of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
  DG Diego Garcia
+
  DG Diego Garcia                 Exceptionally reserved at the request of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
  EA Ceuta and Melilla
+
  EA Ceuta and Melilla           Exceptionally reserved at the request of World Customs Organization (WCO)
  EU European Union
+
  EU European Union               Exceptionally reserved at the request of ISO 4217/MA (Currencies) for ISO 6166 (Securities)
  EZ (European OTC derivatives)
+
  EZ (European OTC derivatives)  Exceptionally reserved at the request of ISO 6166/RA (Securities)
  FX France, Metropolitan
+
  FX France, Metropolitan         Exceptionally reserved at the request of France
  IC Canary Islands
+
  IC Canary Islands               Exceptionally reserved at the request of World Customs Organization (WCO)
  SU USSR
+
  SU USSR                         Exceptionally reserved at the request of the Foundation for Internet Development (FID)
  TA Tristan da Cunha
+
  TA Tristan da Cunha             Exceptionally reserved at the request of Universal Postal Union (UPU)
  UK United Kingdom
+
  UK United Kingdom              Exceptionally reserved at the request of United Kingdom
  UN United Nations
+
  UN United Nations               Exceptionally reserved by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency
  
Reserved codes '''AC''', '''EU''', '''SU'''  and '''UK''' are delegated as Internet TLDs.
+
Reserved codes '''AC''', '''EU''', '''SU'''  and '''UK''' are delegated as Internet TLDs. AC registrars position it as Academic domain; EU stands for European Union; SU - for Post-Soviet states; UK is being used instead of ISO-assigned GB code.
  
 
7 ISO codes are transitionally reserved for 50 years after renaming of countries or dissolution of federations and dependent territories:
 
7 ISO codes are transitionally reserved for 50 years after renaming of countries or dissolution of federations and dependent territories:
Line 38: Line 37:
 
  AN Netherlands Antilles  Reserved from 2010-12 to 2060-12. Divided (see below)                      BQ+CW+SX
 
  AN Netherlands Antilles  Reserved from 2010-12 to 2060-12. Divided (see below)                      BQ+CW+SX
  
.AN deleted by ISO on 2010-12-15/2011-12-13 - and is still transitionally reserved to Netherlands Antilles (divided into: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba - BQ, Curaçao - CW and Sint Maarten - SX).
+
.AN was deleted by ISO on 2010-12-15/2011-12-13 - and is still transitionally reserved to Netherlands Antilles (divided into: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba - BQ, Curaçao - CW and Sint Maarten - SX).
 
 
== States with limited recognition ==
 
 
 
UN members, UN observers (Vatican, Palestine) and non-UN states (Taiwan - Republic of China), having control over CC-TLDs are not included.
 
 
 
=== 1st level: non-UN states recognised by at least one UN member state (5) ===
 
 
 
State            Regarded by as its part  Recognized by UN members                    Suggested domain zone
 
Abkhazia          Georgia                  Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru (4)    [http://ab.world ab.world], [http://ap.world ap.world]
 
                                            withdrawn: Tuvalu, Vanuatu (2, total of 6)
 
Kosovo            Serbia                    111 UN-members                              [http://ks.world ks.world]
 
Northern Cyprus  Cyprus                    Turkey (1)                                  [http://kk.world kk.world]
 
Sahrawi ADR      Morocco                  84 UN-members                              [http://sw.world sw.world]
 
South Ossetia    Georgia                  Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru (4)    [http://os.world os.world]
 
                                            withdrawn: Tuvalu (1, total of 5)
 
 
 
=== 2nd level: non-UN states recognised by at least one 1st level limitedly recognized state (4) ===
 
State            Regarded by as its part  Recognized by                              Suggested domain zone
 
Donetsk People's  Ukraine                  South Ossetia (1)                          [http://dr.world dr.world]
 
  Republic
 
Luhansk People's  Ukraine                  South Ossetia (1)                          [http://ln.world ln.world]
 
  Republic
 
Nagorno-Karabakh  Azerbaijan                Abkhazia, Pridnestrovie, South Ossetia (3)  [http://nk.world nk.world], [http://ah.world ah.world]
 
  (Artsakh)
 
Pridnestrovie    Moldova                  Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh,                [http://pd.world pd.world], [http://ns.world ns.world]
 
  (Transnistria)                            South Ossetia (3)
 
 
 
== International recognition procedure (ISO, UN) ==
 
 
 
On May 6, Kosovo membership in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was adopted with 96 countries voting in favor, 8 against (Angola,
 
Azerbaijan, Cyprus, El Salvador, Georgia, Greece, Pakistan, Romania, Slovak Republic, and Venezuela), 32 submitted written abstentions, 47 did not vote. On June 29, 2009 Kosovo became member of IMF and World Bank (and it seems enough for ISO to include it in the List of States).
 
 
 
ISO can include new country to its list after [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/wg1.html Working Group on Country Names] of [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/default.html United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names] has included it into the UNGEGN List of Country Names (latest versions - [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/10th-uncsgn-docs/econf/E_CONF.101_25_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document.pdf August 2012], [http://papersmart.unmeetings.org/media2/2927374/wp60_ungegn-28-wg-country-names-list-eng-.pdf May 2014]). It seems that the next list will be prepared to 30th Session of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (7 and 18 August 2017, NY, USA) and 11th United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names (8-17 August 2017, NY).
 
  
 
[[Category:Domains]]
 
[[Category:Domains]]

Latest revision as of 23:07, 13 October 2020

Country code TLDs

Two-letter top-level domains are assigned to countries and dependent teritories by ICANN. Main criteria for ICANN is ISO country codes list, but ICANN and ISO lists differ a little.

As of 05.02.2020 ISO list contains 249 officially assigned codes.

As of 05.02.2020 ICANN's IANA Root Zone Database contains 255 two-latin-letters country-code domains, including 249 ISO-assigned codes + AC (Ascension - while it is part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha territory in SH ISO code), AN (former Netherlands Antilles, divided into BQ, CW and SX), EU (European Union), SU (Soviet Union), TP (former Portuguese Timor, renamed to Timor-Leste since independence) and UK (United Kingdom, along with GB for Great Britain - domain GB is Reserved and works for only one 2nd-level domain name hmg.gb - stands for 'Her Majesty Government' - with several subdomains but no websites on them).

248 domains are online. Domains BL (Saint Barthélemy), BQ (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), EH (Western Sahara), MF (Saint Martin) and UM (U.S. Minor Outlying Islands) are marked as Not assigned. AN and TP marked as Retired (.tp was deleted from nameservers 26.01.2015; .an deleted in July 2015 or later).

ISO codes

ISO codes are based on United Nations Statistics Division list. UNSD Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use list includes as separate entry Sark island (since 2011).

12 ISO codes are exceptionally reserved at requests of countries and organisations:

AC Ascension Island             Exceptionally reserved at the request of Universal Postal Union (UPU)
CP Clipperton Island            Exceptionally reserved at the request of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
DG Diego Garcia                 Exceptionally reserved at the request of International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
EA Ceuta and Melilla            Exceptionally reserved at the request of World Customs Organization (WCO)
EU European Union               Exceptionally reserved at the request of ISO 4217/MA (Currencies) for ISO 6166 (Securities)
EZ (European OTC derivatives)   Exceptionally reserved at the request of ISO 6166/RA (Securities)
FX France, Metropolitan         Exceptionally reserved at the request of France
IC Canary Islands               Exceptionally reserved at the request of World Customs Organization (WCO)
SU USSR                         Exceptionally reserved at the request of the Foundation for Internet Development (FID)
TA Tristan da Cunha             Exceptionally reserved at the request of Universal Postal Union (UPU)
UK United Kingdom               Exceptionally reserved at the request of United Kingdom
UN United Nations               Exceptionally reserved by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency

Reserved codes AC, EU, SU and UK are delegated as Internet TLDs. AC registrars position it as Academic domain; EU stands for European Union; SU - for Post-Soviet states; UK is being used instead of ISO-assigned GB code.

7 ISO codes are transitionally reserved for 50 years after renaming of countries or dissolution of federations and dependent territories:

BU Burma                 Reserved from 1989-12 to 2039-12. New country name: Myanmar                   MM
NT Neutral Zone          Reserved from 1993-07 to 2043-07. Divided between Iraq and Saudi Arabia     IQ+SA
ZR Zaire                 Reserved from 1997-07 to 2047-07. New country name: Congo (Kinshasa)          CD
TP East Timor            Reserved from 2002-05 to 2052-05. New country name: Timor-Leste               TL
YU Yugoslavia            Reserved from 2003-07 to 2053-07. New country name: Serbia and Montenegro     CS
CS Serbia and Montenegro Reserved from 2006-09 to 2056-09. Divided to Serbia and Montenegro          RS+ME
AN Netherlands Antilles  Reserved from 2010-12 to 2060-12. Divided (see below)                      BQ+CW+SX

.AN was deleted by ISO on 2010-12-15/2011-12-13 - and is still transitionally reserved to Netherlands Antilles (divided into: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba - BQ, Curaçao - CW and Sint Maarten - SX).